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The Learn section explains the chemistry behind the compounds in our catalogue. Fundamentals covers what peptides are, how their sequences are written and how peptides are made by solid-phase synthesis. Analytical methods explains how to read a certificate of analysis, what HPLC purity and mass spectrometry identity measure, how purity differs from net peptide content, and how lyophilised material is stored. Compounds gives identity overviews: sequence, structural modifications, molecular formula and mass. Every article is written by the British Peptide Labs editorial team and keeps to identity, structure and analytical data.
What peptides are, how their sequences are written and how they are made.
Peptide storage for sealed lyophilised vials: 2–8 °C short term, −20 °C and below long term, away from light and moisture, without repeated freeze-thaw.
How to read a peptide's amino acid sequence: three- and one-letter codes, N- to C-terminus order, and the notation for Ac-, -NH2, D-residues and cyclisation.
How solid-phase peptide synthesis works: Merrifield's resin method, Fmoc/tBu chemistry, coupling, cleavage, impurities, HPLC purification and freeze-drying.
Peptides are chains of amino acids joined by amide (peptide) bonds. How they differ from proteins, and how synthetic peptides are made, specified and analysed.
A lyophilised (lyophilized) peptide is freeze-dried: frozen, then dried under vacuum to a porous cake. The process, the cake, residual water and the vial.
Bacteriostatic water is sterile water with 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative. Its composition, benzyl alcohol chemistry, properties, storage and labelling.
How identity and purity are measured and reported, and how lyophilised material is stored.
How to read a peptide certificate of analysis field by field: identity by mass spectrometry, HPLC purity, net peptide content, water, batch and dates.
How HPLC measures peptide purity: reversed-phase columns, acetonitrile gradients, UV detection at 214–220 nm, the area % result and what it leaves out.
How mass spectrometry confirms peptide identity: ESI and MALDI-TOF, m/z and charge states, expected vs observed mass, and average vs monoisotopic mass.
HPLC purity and net peptide content measure different things. How counter-ions, residual water and gross mass explain the gap, and how to read both figures.
Identity overviews: sequence, structural modifications, molecular formula and mass.
BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-residue peptide. Its full sequence, molecular formula, mass, CAS number and analytical profile, explained in chemistry terms.
Cagrilintide is a 37-residue synthetic lipidated peptide with a Cys2–Cys7 disulphide bridge. Its sequence, C20 diacid, formula and mass explained.
GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the tripeptide Gly-His-Lys. How the copper peptide binds Cu(II), its formula, mass, CAS number and how it is analysed.
MOTS-c is a 16-residue peptide encoded in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Its sequence, molecular formula, mass, CAS number and analysis, explained.
NAD+ is a dinucleotide, not a peptide: two nucleotides joined by a pyrophosphate bridge. Its structure, formula, mass, NAD+/NADH chemistry and analysis.
Semaglutide is a 31-residue synthetic lipidated peptide. Its sequence, Aib8 and Arg34 substitutions, C18 diacid side chain, formula and mass explained.
SS-31 is a synthetic tetrapeptide, D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, with a D-arginine and 2′,6′-dimethyltyrosine. Its formula, mass, charge and analysis, explained.
Tirzepatide is a 39-residue synthetic lipidated peptide. Its sequence, two Aib residues, C20 diacid side chain, formula and molecular mass explained.